HIT274 PROJECT

Table of Contents

Aim.. 3

Design [Akashdeep Singh] 4

Overall Layout 4

Redundancies [Akashdeep Singh] 5

Routing. 5

Wireless [Gursharan Singh] 10

Security [Meenu Devi] 11

IP Addressing [Meenu Devi] 18

Connectivity [Meenu Devi] 23

Conclusion and Further Work [Simardeep Kaur] 25

Conclusion. 25

Future work. 26

Reference List 27

Introduction [Simardeep Kaur])

Background

The modern age of technology requires a reliable and safe flow of information within the network, which is essential in efficient communication both within organizations and among individuals. With the continued increase in the need to rely on technology, a transfer of data, and an online connection, there has been a high call to create a network that is capable of providing wired and wireless communication. Wired networks may be customized, reliable, and very fast; this type of network may not be as flexible and mobile as is currently seen as the best practice in the contemporary computing world. The installation of a wireless router that acts as a focal point of a variety of devices, e.g., laptops, smartphones, tablets, etc., is the key component of a hybrid network. The router facilitates the communication of the local network wirelessly, and at the same time, it routes the data of one network segment to another.

A wired LAN is integrated through a router, which can enable an exchange of wireless devices with the wired PCs in the network. This device of the access-point is motivated by clarity and maintains the dependability of the overall integrity of the residential network devices, whilst being economical in terms of providing flexibility. The design of such a hybrid network must be well expressed and therefore requires correct IP addresses, router setups, subnetting, as well as the implementation of the dynamic host configuration protocol. A combination of these factors, as can be seen in the current project, makes the new network architecture a possible solution to the modern communication needs to maintain the high-quality service across the network.

Figure 1: Topology Design 1

Table 1: VLAN Map

VLAN ID	Department	Subnet (CIDR)	Gateway (SVI)
10	HR	192.168.10.0/24	192.168.10.1
20	Information Systems	192.168.20.0/24	192.168.20.1
30	Marketing	192.168.30.0/24	192.168.30.1
40	Customer Centric	192.168.40.0/24	192.168.40.1

Table 2: Ip Addressess

Pool Name	Network / Mask	Default Router	DNS Server*	Excluded (static)	Lease Range (scope)
HR_POOL	192.168.10.0 / 255.255.255.0	192.168.10.1	10.20.10.10	192.168.10.1192.168.10.20	192.168.10.21192.168.10.200
IS_POOL	192.168.20.0 / 255.255.255.0	192.168.20.1	10.20.10.10	192.168.20.1192.168.20.20	192.168.20.21192.168.20.200
MK_POOL	192.168.30.0 / 255.255.255.0	192.168.30.1	10.20.10.10	192.168.30.1192.168.30.20	192.168.30.21192.168.30.200
CC_POOL	192.168.40.0 / 255.255.255.0	192.168.40.1	10.20.10.10	192.168.40.1192.168.40.20	192.168.40.21192.168.40.200

Router Configuration

Figure 2: Router Configuration CLI

The project will focus on the design and implementation of a multi-router topology simulated using Cisco Packet Tracer to interconnect the wireless segments and the wired segments to provide complete network connectivity. The main objective of this project will be to suggest the success of a well topology, lean network architecture which can provide a reliable, reliable and expandable communication system. The findings have showcased on the fact that the contemporary needs in communication can be achieved through the introduction of the hybrid architecture of networks. Such an architecture does not only improve the performance of the network and make it reliable. It improves the application of the available resources and provides scalability in the long term as the network requirements evolve.

Aim

The aim of the project is to design, configure and test a hybrid network system and capable of establish simple connection between wired equipment and wireless equipment. The final product must be the achievement of a world of constant data transmission between routers and end points with strict provisions of security that are enforced.

Design [Akashdeep Singh]

The network is applied on topology of hierarchical hybrid that emphasizes on scalability, reliability and effective management of data. Each of the routers has a specific subnet and is connected to a switch, which assigns FastEthernet interfaces to various PCs constituting the access layer. Each PC has a static IP address, and it also guarantees stability in the communication and simplicity of routing between the subnets.

A wireless router is connected to several laptops at the lower segment, and this is the wireless LAN segment of the network. This WLAN segment runs parallel to wired LANs and communicates via routing tables set up in the routers (Khasawneh et al. 2025). Default gateways and DNS servers guarantee intra-network and internet connectivity. The addition of an internet router and a web server in the last step provides external connectivity, duplicating a real-world enterprise setup. R2 is referred to in the OSPF network as router ID. The design is successful in the manner in which it displays segmentation, inter- router communication and hierarchical control. It facilitates easy troubleshooting, efficient routing, as well as smooth integration of wired and wireless devices in one organizational infrastructure.

Overall Layout

Figure 3: Network Topology Design 2

The figure shows the general network architecture of linking four routers (R1-R4), a few PCs, switches, a wireless router, laptops, and an ISP. The topology comprises the wired and wireless connection to ensure free flow of data (Ahmed and Al-Hamadani, 2021). It shows the inter-routing serial connections, as well as (local area network) LAN segments and it is noteworthy that each router has certain subnetting that it runs. The ISP connection provides the connection to the Internet, to which the specification of the hybrid enterprise-style network is full.

Redundancies

Routing

Figure 4: Configuration of Router R1

This diagram illustrates the Router R1 set-up. It signifies local and wide area network interfaces, assigns IP addresses, enables interfaces and switches on OSPF. The LAN interface is used to connect the local hosts, whereas the serial one connects R1 with R2. It implies OSPF area 0 in which dynamic exchange of routes can be possible between configured routers. This provides the correct interconnection among the devices in the LAN and other networks with router-to-router connection.

Figure 5: Configuration of Router R2

The number illustrates the design of Router R 2. R2 is a serial connection of R1 and R3. The local network interface and the wide-area network interface are assigned with the IP addresses and OSPF is already configured with the process ID 10 (Varne et al. 2023). R2 is defined in the OSPF network by a router ID. The routing verification and serial interface encapsulation (PPP) are set in a way such that there is stable transfer of information between the routers. The fastethernet interfaces will be connected to local switches, which will connect to PCs within the subnet. This is a reliable and efficient routing configuration in the whole topology of the network.

Figure 6: Configuration of Router R3

The configuration of Router R3 is shown, that is, connecting R2 and R4 by means of serial links. Wired LAN IP addresses and WAN IP addresses are set, and OSPF routing is set using process IP 10 such that each router contains a router ID. The router is referred to as router R3, an inter-router transit point that effectively forwards a packet between upstream and downstream routers. In addition, R3 dynamically advertises routes and stores routing tables to maximize packet forwarding. The configuration facilitates fault tolerance and ensures effective link utilization throughout the routers and LAN segments that are connected together.

Figure 7: Configuration of Router R4

This describes the configuration of Router R4 that is used to connect the wired LAN, the WAN link between R3, and the wireless link. Both G0/0 and the serial interfaces use IP addressing to the local and remote interfaces. The OSPF routing provides discovering dynamic paths with neighbouring routers (Mwansa et al. 2024). Such a configuration provides Router R4 with a chance to act as the gateway of the wireless router and provides wireless client connectivity. R4 provides network segmentation, route propagation, and glitch-free data forwarding, essentially connecting the wired backbone to wireless nodes to ensure seamless and efficient hybrid communication.

Figure 8: Wireless Network Integration via R4

The configuration of the commands to utilize in order to connect the wireless router to R4 is depicted in this image. In addition, this wireless network provides a static route (192.168.10.0/24) for the wired LAN to talk to the wireless devices. The wireless router is bridged into Router 4 via Port G0/1 at R4, having the address 150.111.7.1, and PCs, laptops in the LAN, and external routers are able to communicate, thereby completing the hybrid connectivity. The integration offers dependable WLAN access, encourages flexibility, and provides coordinated traffic flow between the wired backbone and the wireless subnet.

ISP Router

Figure 9: ISP Router Configuration

The figure below illustrates how the ISP router is set up. It is given IP addresses to internal and external interfaces and establishes a static route to the network of the organization. The internal interface is linked with the external network of router R4, and the external interface is emulating the internet (Firmansyah et al. 2024). This setup enables complete bidirectional communication between the organizational network and an emulated Internet environment. The ISP router ensures external data routing, manages public IP translation, and validates global connectivity between local hosts and internet-based resources seamlessly.

Wireless [Gursharan Singh]

Figure 10: Network Topology 3

Figure 11: Router 4 Configuration

Figure 12: Switch Configuration

Figure 13: Wireless Router GUI Configuration

WAN interface is set to automatic assignment of an IP address, and the LAN side utilizes IP 192.168.0.1, and DHCP is enabled. The range of IP addresses provided by the DHCP service is located in 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.50. The wireless laptops are automatically given an IP address, default gateway, and DNS server, and therefore, it is connected to the LAN as well as the internet through router R4. The wireless router enhances mobility, reduces manual IP configuration, and ensures secure access through SSID broadcast and encryption settings, promoting efficient wireless connectivity.

Figure 14: Updated R4 Configuration

The figure shows how router R4 is revised to resolve overlapping subnets and routing modifications. The GigabitEthernet interface has the IP address of 150.111.6.1/24, and a fixed path is used to send the traffic to the wireless subnet (Rai et al. 2024). This adjustment eliminates redundancy of IP addresses and improves the easy delivery of packets to the LAN and wireless network, as well as upstream routers, therefore, restoring full connectivity and maintaining the optimum network performance.

Security [Meenu Devi]

Security has been carefully implemented through encrypted passwords, SSH authentication, and login protection across routers R1 to R4. Each router enables secret commands, console and VTY password configurations, and domain-based RSA key generation to ensure secure remote access. These measures collectively prevent unauthorized access and maintain administrative control within the hybrid network.

Figure 15: Network Topology 3

VLSM Addressing Table

Subnet	Required Hosts	Subnet Mask	Network Address	Usable IP Range	Broadcast Address
Cambridge LAN	50	255.255.255.192 (/26)	172.16.0.0	172.16.0.1 - 172.16.0.62	172.16.0.63
London LAN	50	255.255.255.192 (/26)	172.16.0.64	172.16.0.65 - 172.16.0.126	172.16.0.127
Manchester LAN	50	255.255.255.192 (/26)	172.16.0.128	172.16.0.129 - 172.16.0.190	172.16.0.191
Cambridge-London WAN	2	255.255.255.252 (/30)	172.16.1.0	172.16.1.1 - 172.16.1.2	172.16.1.3
London-Manchester WAN	2	255.255.255.252 (/30)	172.16.1.4	172.16.1.5 - 172.16.1.6	172.16.1.7

Table 1: VLSM Subnet Allocation for CCC Network

Figure 16: SSH and Password Configuration

Figure 17: Router Security Configuration

The drawing shows how password protection has been used to enhance the security of router R1. It also entails the setup of an encrypted password enabling Secret and console, and remote (VTY) passwords. There is enabled authentication of logins on console and VTY lines. These help to avert unauthenticated users gaining access to the router, as only authenticated users can make changes and access the device remotely.

Figure 18: Router R1 Configuration and OSPF Implementation

The figure is the arrangement of Router R1 in the hybrid network topology (Tao et al. 2021). The administrator sets up a special user to have privileged access, enables SSH to support encrypted remote operating and gives IP addresses 150.111.1.1/24 and 150.111.2.1/30 to GigabitEthernet0/0 and Serial 0/2/0 respectively. A clock rate is configured to synchronize and OSPF (Process ID 10) is configured to publicize interconnected networks in Area 0 so as to enable dynamic routing and an unbroken connection.

Figure 19: Router R2 Security Configuration Setup

The diagram shows the original security configuration of Router R2 (Guo et al. 2025). The administrator sets the hostname to R2 and an enable password of a strong password (Str0ngP@ss) and locks console and VTY lines with different passwords (C0nsolE@ss, R3m0t3P@ss) to authenticate. SSH is activated to allow one to access remotely by guaranteeing that access is limited and adherence to the security standards of the hybrid network.

Figure 20: Router R2 Interface and OSPF Routing Configuration

The figure illustrates the configuration of Router R2 with some highlight on its interface settings and the application of the OSPF routing. The administrator gives IP addresses to GigabitEthernet0/0 (150.111.3.1/24), Serial0/2/0 (150.111.2.2/30), and Serial0/2/1 (150.111.4.1/30), starts the interfaces and sets the clock rate to the right direction. The colours used in OSPF with Process ID 10 are seen to be 150.111.2.0/30, 150.111.3.0/24 and 150.111.4.0/30 which are in Area 0 and allow the networks to exchange routes among R1, R3 and R4 automatically and therefore increasing the connectivity and efficiency of the network and its performance.

Figure 21: Router R3 Security Configuration

The figure illustrates the security setup of Router R3 to enhance the security of the network. It establishes the hostname R3 and an encrypted enable secret to restrict the access of privileged users. The console and VTY lines are encrypted with passwords and login controls and SSH is also enabled to ensure safe remote access. The domain secure.local facilitates the production of the SSH key, which generates a key, which is 1024 bit RSA, encryption and authentication of management access are ensured in accordance with the overall network security.

Figure 22: Configuration of Router R3 (OSPF and Interface Setup)

This is an illustration of the configuration of Router R3, as it includes the major network interfaces and routing of the router. Interfaces GigabitEthernet0/0 and Serial0/2/0, 0/2/1 have different IP addresses to connect to the local and remote network (Choi and Medina, 2023). OSPF 10 process enables network 150.111.4.0, 150.111.5.0, and 150.111.6.0 in area 0. The setting, in terms of clock rate and no-shutdown settings, provides an active interface, dynamic routing, and stable information exchange with routers R2 and R4 in the hybrid network.

Figure 23: Initial Security Configuration of Router R4

This value shows the first security configuration of Router R4. The router will have a hostname and it will be secured with encrypted enable secret and console passwords. SSH authentication enables the protection of local and distant access (Huang et al. 2024). This design guarantees that one can be authorized to log in, unauthorized access is avoided, and it enhances administrative control in the hybrid network background.

Figure 24: Advanced Configuration and OSPF Routing of Router R4

This number represents the sophisticated configuration of the Router R4 where the interface and routing are identified. The router has a secure administrator account and OSPF routing of network 150.111.6.0 and 150.111.7.0. The IP interfaces are configured to allow reliable connection of data flow between the wired and wireless networks, dynamic route and reliable connectivity of hybrid networks.

IP Addressing [Meenu Devi]

Figure 25: Static IPv4 and IPv6 Address Configuration for End Device P1

The figure depicts the P1 IP address that is at rest and used by Host P1 of hybrid network. The IPv4 address is 150.111.1.2, subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 and the default gateway is 150.111.1.1 to make the routing correctly done to the outside networks. Name resolution is done through the DNS server of 209.165.201.1 (Ali and Singla, 2021). The setup utilizes VLSM for correct subnet assignment and bilateral IPv4/IPv6 compatibility, ensuring smooth internal and external connections, in line with the project's IP addressing plan.

Figure 26: IP Addressing Scheme Implementation for End Device P2

The IP setup of Host P2 includes the fixed IPv4 address (150.111.1.3), where the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 is used, and the default path 150.111.1.1 is the location of the default gateway, thus guaranteeing the successful routing in the LAN. It is set with the DNS server of 209.165.201.1 that enables resolution of names (Amaadid et al. 2025). The IPv6 static switching ensures that the deployment needs a dual-IPv6 configuration. Such a hierarchical model also maximises the use of subnets in VLSM servicing both the IPv4 and the IPv6 networks and trying to ensure that Host -X -P2 is fully integrated into the hybrid network and also external services.

Figure 27: IPv4 and IPv6 Configuration for End Device P3 in a Separate Subnet

Host P3 IP configuration is fixed, and it has an IPv4 address 150.111.2.2 and 255.255.255.0 as the subnet mask and 150.111.2.1 150.111.2.1 as the default gateway. It once again refers to the DNS server, which is 209.165.201.1, and the server returns the same domain resolution to devices (Gankotiya et al. 2024). The IPv6 configuration is static, and this further supports dual-stack communication. This configuration shows good subnet sharing across different LAN segments, correct routing, and address hierarchy. This design harmonizes with the requirement to support IPv4 with VLSM and IPv6 address efficiency and scalability, as well as an end-to-end reliable connection.

Figure 28: Static IP Configuration for PC P4

The diagram displays the static IP configuration for device P4 via the FastEthernet0 interface. The assigned IPv4 address is 150.111.2.3 with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 to place the device on the 150.111.0.0 network. A routing interface (150.111.2.1) is the default gateway that supports the sending and receiving of communications to other networks. The DNS server (209.165.201.1) is used to do domain name translation to external access. Fixed configuration ensures that P4 has a fixed network identity, which is necessary in networks such that constant connections must be maintained in order to route, host servers or perform network diagnostics. The configuration eradicates DHCP related problems and enhances IP authority control especially in multi router network infrastructure.

Figure 29: Static IP Configuration for PC P5

The diagram illustrates the configuration of PC P5 with an assigned IP address of 150.111.3.2 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. This positions the device in the subnet 150.111.3.0 and connects it to a different network segment of P4. The default gateway address (150.111.3.1) connects P5 with its local router interface to forward packets to other network subnets or the internet. DNS server, 209.165.201.1, translates domain names to IPs. A static configuration provides predictable routing as well as simplified troubleshooting in multi-segment networks (Gadalla et al. 2022). This configuration is an example of subnetting in hierarchical networks and enables ordered communication between wired and wireless spaces via router connectivity.

Figure 30: Static IP Configuration for PC P6

The figure shows the static setup of PC P6, employing the FastEthernet0 interface with IP address 150.111.3.3 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0. This device exists on the same subnet as P5, facilitating internal communication without routing. The gateway (150.111.3.1) is the gateway to outside networks, and the DNS server 209.165.201.1 helps resolve names. Static IPs within the same subnet can be assigned for stable LAN connectivity and easy internal file sharing or resource access. In a test environment, it guarantees that P6 is able to communicate freely with other systems and is involved in end-to-end testing of routing protocols such as OSPF or RIP.

Figure 31: Static IP Configuration for PC P7

The figure indicates PC P7 with a static IP address of 150.111.4.2 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, and it belongs to the 150.111.4.0 subnet. Its default gateway of 150.111.4.1 connects the PC to the router that routes traffic beyond its subnet. The DNS server of 209.165.201.1 is set for hostname resolution. This configuration illustrates subnet division in a multi-router topology, in which every subnet denotes an independent LAN attached to the central network. Static addressing supports network resilience and eases routing setup (Akyildiz and Guo, 2022). It is especially useful for enterprise modeling with unique departments or branches having their own IP segments.

Figure 32: Static IP Configuration for PC P8

The figure shows the IP address configuration for PC P8, which has 150.111.4.3 as its address and 255.255.255.0 as the subnet mask, in the same subnet as P7. The default gateway (150.111.4.1) provides connectivity outside the local segment, and DNS (209.165.201.1) permits external access to resources. The static setup provides intra-subnet communication directly between P7 and P8 and router-based inter-subnet communication. This arrangement is best used to emulate LAN scenarios where uniform IP assignment is required, e.g., server-client testing, file sharing, and blended network demonstrations combining wired and wireless connections.

Figure 33: Static IP Configuration for PC P9

The illustration shows PC P9 configured with a static IP 150.111.5.2 using a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask. The default gateway (150.111.5.1) forwards traffic to other subnets, and the DNS server (209.165.201.1) handles domain name translation. This setup isolates P9 in its own subnet (150.111.5.0), mimicking an independent department or branch network in a larger enterprise topology. Addressing is also static which ensures predictability in the routing and the easier controlled network segment (Fayad et al. 2024). This system contributes to an effectively arranged hybrid network design, which represents the ideas of segmentation, inter-routing communication and hierarchical IP management between Cisco Packet Tracer.

Connectivity [Meenu Devi]

The network configuration given ensures total connectivity between various wired and wireless segments, which make communication in all the devices easy. All PCs (P4-P9) are assigned with unique IP address in respective subnet to ensure continuity in connection and eliminate IP conflicts. The routers are cascading connected by DCE/DTE interfaces forming a multi- router topography that supports dynamic routing besides efficient transfer of data between different networks (Sheraz et al. 2024). Each router is attached to local switches, that give it connectivity to PCs, and thus internal LAN connectivity across subnets.

The facility is extended by a wireless router which connects the laptop clients which represent the WLAN segment. There is an exchange of information between the wireless network and the wired network via routing protocols which provide end-to-end connectivity. Each device has default gateways that facilitate inter-network exchange of data and the DNS server (209.165.201.1) is needed to solve the name in external communication. Additionally, the internet router and web server that will be included in the final design will allow access to the outer resources and web services. The setup enables all the devices within the wired and wireless networks to communicate effectively internally and externally with the internal network. That hybrid topology is stable routing, scalable and highly connected, which is suitable in the real enterprise-level networking conditions.

Figure 34: Complete Hybrid Network Topology with Wired and Wireless Segments

The figure demonstrates the entire status of hybriding network topology which combines both wired and wireless in Cisco Packet Tracer. The top part has several routers, which are linked through serial interface (Gig0/0, Serial0/1/0, etc.), which signifies the communication between the routers. All routers are linked to switches, which allocate links to wired PCs (P19). The bottom component is a wireless router that has a connection to the clients in the form of laptops, which constitute the segment of the wireless LAN (Kothari et al. 2023). This configuration allows the LAN-to-LAN and LAN-to-WLAN connectivity, which allows free flow of data. The topology exhibits top-down design of networks, interconnectivity and optimal routing of wired and wireless subnets within an enterprise-type arrangement.

Figure 35: Final Integrated Network with Internet Connectivity and Server Access

The final figure gives the hybrid topology with an extension to an internet and server connection. The routers with the upper part are still serially interrelated so as to make dynamic routing among various subnets. The additional section on the right is a web server and a special router, which imitates outside network or cloud connection. Communication in the world is made possible by the relationship between the internet gateway and the core router. This design illustrates the characteristic of complete end-to-end connectivity whereby internal devices (wired and wireless) can communicate with external resources via configured gateways. It emphasizes the real-world simulation of enterprise routing, subnet management, and internet integration.

Conclusion and Further Work [Simardeep Kaur]

Conclusion

The project is a good way of demonstrating how to design a hybrid network having both wired and wireless segments using Cisco Packet Tracer. The network architecture includes four routers (R1R4), several switches, PCs, laptops, a wireless router, and an ISP, and it offers a scalable and stable platform for data communication. Each router has been configured using individual IP address, serial and LAN port and OSPF routing, which enables dynamic exchange of routes within the network. Hierarchical subnetting and VLSM make the management of IP addresses more efficient, and the dual-stack IPv4/IPv6 architecture makes the system compatible with the newest communication protocols.

The security is given the first priority during the project. To ensure that unauthorized users are prevented and administrative access is maintained, the routers have been encrypted using enable secrets, console passwords, VTY passwords, SSH authentication and generation of RSA keys. All this has been done in a bid to make sure that both wired and wireless networks operate in a safe manner without compromising on performance. The combination of wireless router through R4, provides access to the network to the mobile devices and the organization of the statical and dynamical routing configuration allows the facilitation of the communication process within the LAN, WLAN and internet simulated network. The project highlights the importance of wary planning of networks, proper IP addressing, and good routing protocols to set up end to end connectivity of enterprise type networks. The wired and wireless segment marriage facilitates flexibility, reliability as well as scalability of the network and is appropriate to modern-day communications. The hybrid approach offers continuity of connectivity, the ability to communicate between devices, and traffic to pass between two or more subnets. Overall, the study validates the usefulness of hybrid network architecture in the provision of efficient, secure, and robust communications infrastructure in a practical use.

Future work

Scaling, redundancy and automation would be the next steps in the improvement of the hybrid network. The existing architecture is adequate in linking various subnets and integration of the wireless facilities but given the topology configuration, adding more routers and switches can be even more useful to support larger enterprise environment and lesser topology performance as more loads are added to the topology. Both EIGRP/BGP and OSPF would facilitate routing protocols in augmenting fault-tolerance and dynamic flow problems, and thereby reduce down-time in case of network fault. Moreover, the network management and monitoring tools would be incorporated to provide real-time analysis of performance optimization and immediate response to problems. Security would be enhanced further by the implementation of firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems, and VPN access for remote users. Improvements to wireless networks could involve several access points with load balancing and roaming to enhance coverage and user experience.

Script-based or network management software-based automated IP assignment and device configuration would minimize human errors and simplify deployment. The artificial simulation of the high-traffic scenarios, VoIP, and cloud-based applications have been verified by the empirical validation of the network under real conditions. All these features have made the hybrid network powerful, secure, and sensitive to the changing enterprise communication needs, hence facilitating both the wired and wireless connections in a large and complex environment.

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